WebThe push force for climate action by individuals and international regulatory bodies incentivize airline groups to react and adjust their long-term strategies for sustainable Well The Harvard Library collections include some book series that are related to aviation law, and the links below are to pre-populated HOLLIS searches by book series title. Anyone can read what you share. Webfactors that impact on airline performances (Lohmann & Koo, 2013). The links below are to sources related to this topic that are available in the Westlaw subscription legal research database. In the medium run, airline companies face two uncertainties: The cost of health-related measures. One such example is a PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and Legal factors) framework which is discussed below. The recent era of economic depression shook all industries and airlines industry was no exception. Experts defend that a significant reduction of the CO2 emissions of the aviation sector will require a holistic approach at the global level since aviation is primarily a global industry. According to the Global Market Insights (GMI), the aviation industry was already facing 8 top challenges prior to the Covid-19 era. For more information on how we can assist with airline industry legal issues please contact us. With the signature of the Glasgow Declaration on Climate Action, a new gold standard for tourism leaders, holds the pledge of more than 100 travel companies to deliver towards decarbonisation by 2050 and halve current CO2 emissions by 2030. If U.S. aircraft manufacturers cannot have their products certified to the internationally agreed standards, U.S. airlines will not be able to purchase these aircraft for international service, she said. Financial impact of September 11, 2001, on the airline industry. 2020-2022 Travel Tomorrow - Flagship brand of. This SEC practice is designed to limit excessive automated searches on SEC.gov and is not intended or expected to impact individuals browsing the SEC.gov website. Unfortunately, none of these challenges are likely to disappear from the radar, rather, with the Covid-19 pandemic, much of the challenges will be exacerbated. Ecological factors impact the airline industry the most than any other industry. This means that reaching carbon neutrality in 2050 means acting today. It took three years for the global airline industry to recover the 6% decline in revenue between 2000 and 2001. Along with this, however, has come a steady increase in flight cancellations due to labor shortages. Unauthorized attempts to upload information and/or change information on any portion of this site are strictly prohibited and are subject to prosecution under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996 (see Title 18 U.S.C. John F. O'Connell; George Williams (Editor), Attention All Passengers: The Airlines' Dangerous Descent -- and How to Reclaim Our Skies, Clipped Wings: Corporate Social Responsibility and the Airline Industry, From Lowlands to High Skies: a Multilevel Jurisdictional Approach Towards Air Law, Full Upright and Locked Position: Not-So-Comfortable Truths About Air Travel Today, Peter Belobaba (Editor); Cynthia Barnhart (Editor); Amedeo Odoni (Editor), International Air Carrier Liability: Safety and Security, Andrew J. Harakas; American Bar Association, Tort Trial and Insurance Practice Section Staff (Contribution by), Managing the Skies: Public Policy, Organization, and Financing of Air Traffic Management, The Principles and Practice of International Aviation Law, Progressive Commercialization of Airline Governance Culture, The Routledge Companion to Air Transport Management, Nigel Halpern (Editor); Anne Graham (Editor), https://guides.library.harvard.edu/aviation_regulation, Regulation of the Aviation Industry: Major Players, Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Selected Treatises, Researching Aviation Law Topics: HOLLIS Searches, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Book Series, Researching Aviation Law Topics: Getting the Deal Through, Airline Deregulation Act of 1978: Selected Research Resources, https://www.transportation.gov/airconsumer, https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2004-title14-vol1/content-detail.html, https://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/, HOLLIS Subject Search: Aeronautics -- Commercial -- Deregulation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Aeronautics -- Law and Legislation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Airlines -- Deregulation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Airlines -- Management, HOLLIS Subject Search: Carriers -- Law and Legislation, HOLLIS Subject Search: Liability for Aircraft Accidents, HOLLIS Subject Search: Products Liability -- Airplanes, HOLLIS Subject Search: United States -- Federal Aviation Administration, Essential Air and Space Law (Eleven International Publishing), Getting the Deal Through: Air Transport - United States, Journal of Air Law and Commerce (Journal), Transportation Law Emerging Issues (Current Awareness Service), Transportation Safety and Insurance Law (Treatise), Airline Industry Information (Current Awareness Service), Aviation Tort and Regulatory Law (Treatise), Federal Aviation Administration Administrative Decisions and Guidance, US Code Annotated (USCA) - Title 49, Subtitle VII - Aviation Programs, Williston on Contracts: Contracts of Carriage by Sea and Air (Treatise), Airline Deregulation: Changes in Airfares, Service, and Safety at Small, Medium-Sized, and Large Communities, HeinOnline - Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, ProQuest Legislative Insight - Legislative History of the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Below is a list of selected treatises on this topic that are available from the collections of the Harvard Library. The airline industry is widely impacted by regulations and restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition. The links below are to sources related to this topic that are available in the LexisAdvancesubscription legal research database. Many of these materials are provided as searchable full-text PDFs. Consumer protection legislation requiring airlines to limit tarmac time during weather delays increases the flight cancellation rate, decreasing revenue. The U.S. airline industry revenue decreased to $107.1 billion in 2002 from $130.2 billion in 2000. Airline operations traverse wide geographic areas and are affected by policies imposed by governments at all levels local, national and international. Two important macro-environmental factors that may affect an organisation in the airlines industry are Economic and Technological factors. Booking.com awaits Supreme Court ruling as the USPTO appeals previous decisions finding BOOKING.COM, though a combination of generic terms, can be protected through trademark registration. Air travel and the aviation-centered economy have begun to soar back to pre-pandemic levels, with U.S. airlines reporting record bookings for summer travel in June 2022. To ensure our website performs well for all users, the SEC monitors the frequency of requests for SEC.gov content to ensure automated searches do not impact the ability of others to access SEC.gov content. Federal regulations related to the airline industry can be found under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 C.F.R.) Getting the Deal Through is a subscription database that provides information about applicable law in several business-related practice areas for multiple jurisdictions. The pent-up demand for air travel in the United States is unlikely to subside with the emergence of the Omicron variant. Whenever she can, Marta loves traveling, exploring nature and learning about regenerative agriculture. Published. These issues are political. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. In Future 1. In this series well use the Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal (or PESTEL) framework to analyze the airline industry. We reserve the right to block IP addresses that submit excessive requests. Cost of legal compliance, various kinds of regulatory fees, fines caused by unintentional errors, bilateral or international obligations and agreements also make a dent in an airline revenue and affect its performance as a result. Economic Factors - These factors represent the wider economy. Copyright 2023 Market Realist. Offers may be subject to change without notice. Automation is yet another factor affecting the airline industry as people make use of Skype features or hold a conference call instead of travelling. This process involves huge finances; however, airlines cannot even compromise because even the passengers are held accountable for their carbon footprint. Once the rate of requests has dropped below the threshold for 10 minutes, the user may resume accessing content on SEC.gov. In addition, demand for air travel at Government Policies Government policies directly affect the airline industry. Economic factors have a deep influence on the airline industry. The shortfall is being felt in every category from pilot, to baggage handler, to ticket agent, to flight attendant, to aircraft mechanic. Researching She is also quite enthusiastic about space ventures and the cosmos. Airlines also create social values like any other business as the consumer of today has changed. These include fuel efficiency, 2019 regulation on greenhouse emissions from power plants, April rule governing emissions from vehicle tailpipes. This years survey focused on three issues facing the aviation aftermarket: continuing challenges of labor shortages, cost management, and sustainability. Sitemap, British Airways operates more than 280 aircraft, Political Factors Affecting British Airways, British Airways PESTLE Analysis: Final Thoughts, the pound experienced historic depreciation, s a direct effect on the airline industry, decided to reduce the legroom of its planes, the first airline that used sustainable fuel, What is PESTLE Analysis? (https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2004-title14-vol1/content-detail.html). Staving off a lawsuit, the Environmental Protection Agency has proposed new regulations to hold airlines to the carbon dioxide emissions standards they created. Dept. Daniel Rutherford, program director for aviation with the International Council for Clean Transportation, said the standard would not require any new investment in fuel-efficient technology. All these economic factors resulted in increased bankruptcies of major airline companies. According to the International Air Transport Association (or IATA), the financial impact on the global and U.S. industry are as follows: Latest Southwest Airlines Co News and Updates. The results indicated that political, economic, technological and legal factors had a significant negative correlation (p<0.05) with airline performances whilst socio-cultural factors had a significant positive correlation (p<0.05) with airline performances. These issues are political. As a result, they require government intervention. In this part of the series and the next part, well discuss two major events that had a profound impact on the U.S. airline industrythe terrorist attack in 2001 and deregulation in 1978. Financial impact of September 11, 2001, on the airline industry In fact, attitudes to vaccine mandates for airline staff vary around the world, proving particularly contentious in the US, where Delta Air Lines and Southwest held out on making them compulsory for their workers, according to the CNN. Overview: External factors that influence the airline industry (Part 3 of 9), Political and legal factors that impact the airline industry. WebPESTLE Analysis of Airline Industry Political Environment. Itreported its first profit of $5 billion in 2006 after four consecutive years of losses. The new proposal on airplane emissions, which would be open to public comment before being legally finalized, is modeled after a plan drafted largely by international airline companies and adopted in 2016 by the International Civil Aviation Organization, a United Nations body. As the single most important cost, policies affecting both fuel supply and price greatly affect airline viability. Increased technological advancements can make airlines gain profits through offering safety and enhanced services. Add me to Travel Tomorrow's mailing list. A case in point has been the several flights cancelled due to the Omicron variant, causing havoc before Christmas. The airline industry is widely impacted by regulations and restrictions related to international trade, tax policy, and competition. Last year, Nancy Young, the vice president for environmental affairs at Airlines for America, a group that lobbies for the airline industry, testified to Congress that her members needed the federal government to create a legal certification demonstrating that American-made aircraft comply with the international standard. The airline rules would be similar; critics say the substance of the proposal does little more than codify a set of standards largely created by the aviation industry itself, and is unlikely to diminish the industrys contribution to global warming. Please declare your traffic by updating your user agent to include company specific information. Includes regulatory history, Supreme Court case history, bills, and Congressional materials (reports, hearings, and other documents). Please contact Jennifer using the contact information above. Full text of the Act from the Government Printing Office (GPO). The links below are to pre-populated searches of the HOLLIS catalog by LCSH keyword. Marsh McLennan is the leader in risk, strategy and people, helping clients navigate a dynamic environment through four global businesses. Article by Klemchuk LLP, an IP law firm. This includes participating in marches or rallies in support of a movement or giving money to, or raising money for, any political candidate or election cause. Blog authored by Klemchuk LLP, a patent law firm. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). The endangerment finding did not include the details of a regulation, but it set off a legal requirement under the Clean Air Act for the E.P.A. AirlinesAutomotiveBlockchain TechnologyConsumer ProductsCosmeticsCryptocurrencyCybersecurityDigital ArtsDigital MarketingEcommerceEnergyFashionLuxury BrandsHealth TechnologyProfessional ServicesReal Estate DevelopersRestaurantsRetailSoftwareSporting GoodsTechnologyTelecommunications. In order to meet the changing demands of consumers, airlines are required to incorporate changes. Harvard University Digital Accessibility Policy. Critics say the proposal does little more than codify a set of standards largely created by the aviation industry itself. Aircraft Trading, Finance and Leasing 3. He has worked in international sales, customer relations and public relations for major airlines, and has written for Demand Studios since May 2009. Revenue per available seat mile (RASM), Global Fleet & MRO Market Forecast 20222032. Revenue declined by $22 billionto $307 billion in 2001from $329 billion in 2000. administrator, before a Senate committee hearing in May. All companies in the airline industryincluding the top U.S. companies like Delta (DAL), United (UAL), American (AAL), Southwest (LUV) and JetBlue (JBLU)were negativelyimpacted by the 2001terror attack. Additionally, recent crashes and attacks have affected the profitability and viability of the aviation industry quite badly. 2023 Oliver Wyman, LLC. of Transportation looking into practices of travel websites and question of whether flight information is proprietary and protectable by the airlines. September 01, 2022. Jeff holds a Bachelor of Science in journalism from Northwestern University and a Master of Business Administration in marketing from the University of Chicago. In October, Air New Zealand became one of the highest-profile airlines to announce a passenger mandate, a necessary requisite as of February 2022. WebPolitical- legal factors As pursuing to develop globally, Singapore Airlines has to consider political factors in Singapore market and other countries as well. Regulatory Bodies Fiscal policies such as excise taxes on airline tickets increase consumer prices, and that affects demand. Jeff Fulton is a writer specializing in business, travel and culture. This section specifically discusses the US law of air transport. Operating costs are likely to increase in the short-run for both Feedback on this guide is welcome. It reported its first profit of $5 billion in 2006 after four consecutive years of losses. By using this site, you are agreeing to security monitoring and auditing. The passenger airline industry is affected by the following factors. Financially weak carriers even went into bankruptcy during the period. to establish a rule. Financially weak carriers even went into bankruptcy during the period. They dont require any meaningful emissions reductions.. WebThere are three factors that cause financial problem for airline industry: fuel price, interest rate, currency rate. There are many laws devised for air traffic and the safety and security of passengers. The Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental, and Legal (or PESTEL) framework covers the six external factors that impact the airline industry. This is a major obstacle as airlines will start losing customers in areas that have high-security threats. Both of those rules replaced far more stringent climate change standards developed by the Obama administration, and in both cases the new rules allow for more planet-warming emissions than their predecessors. Passenger traffic decreased by 5.9% year-over-year (or YoY) in 2001 and 1.4% in 2002. The Global Risks Report 2022: Worlds Apart. Note: In HOLLIS, you can limit a search results list, such as by type of resource, date, or holding library, by using the filtering options on the right side of the screen. Customers tend to choose airlines based on the characteristics of their services, which include on-board amenities, safety, entertainment, and ground services (Wen & Yeh, 2010). Nevertheless, there are various challenges that the airline industry faces which includes high operational costs, regulatory frameworks and demanding clientele. That plan required a 4-percent reduction in fuel consumption of new aircraft starting in 2028 compared with 2015 deliveries. In most countries, there are strict regulations for the aviation industry. WebFrom rising competition and consumer demands, to labor deficits and union strikes, to fluctuations in fuel prices, airline decision-makers need to constantly adjust their WebDemand for air travel is also affected by factors such as economic conditions, war or the threat of war, fare levels and weather conditions. There are many regulations which require airlines to offer safe travel along with high-quality services. We rely on our journalists to be independent observers. For security purposes, and to ensure that the public service remains available to users, this government computer system employs programs to monitor network traffic to identify unauthorized attempts to upload or change information or to otherwise cause damage, including attempts to deny service to users. Many laws have been proposed which regulates how the airlines treat its passengers. Revenue declined by $22 billionto $307 billion in 2001from $329 billion in 2000. Additionally, technology also means that aircraft are lighter which provide speed and fuel economy. Legal Factors To operate in a society, a business must abide by laws. She is a reporter for Travel Tomorrow, and is also engaged in delivering communications services and EU policy research for different consultancies in Brussels. If he wins the presidency, his administration would most likely ignore the Trump proposal and write a new, more stringent one. Additionally, airlines were also under the pressure to cope up with the increasing fuel prices. Climate changes also have an impact on the aviation industry as airlines are now required to practice green flying procedure for protecting the environment. Monetary policies determine interest rates and an airlines ability to purchase aircraft. Failing to be tech-savvy can result in loss of clients. In most countries, there are strict regulations for the aviation industry. Litigation and Dispute Resolution 4. The pandemic brought greater turbulence to the administrative aspect of traveling, adding extra bureaucracy starting with the Passenger Location Form (PLF) to the much-contested vaccine passports or certificates. According to an upcoming analysis by Mr. Rutherfords group, new aircraft had met the 2028 standard by 2016. taxation changes, economic growth, inflation and tariff is the most important PESTLE analysis is a strategic method through which airline companies can weigh all external factors that are affecting business. Government policies directly affect the airline industry. Entering the new year, the aviation industry faces considerable challenges and risks ahead. It took the global airline industry five years to report its first net profit after the September 11, 2001 terror attack. If you are an affiliate of Harvard Law School, you are welcome to contact us at research@law.harvard.edu for additional help. In this section, we will have a look at the external factors affecting companies in the airline industry. Mr. Wheeler said he was referring to a 2019 regulation on greenhouse emissions from power plants and an April rule governing emissions from vehicle tailpipes. If a user or application submits more than 10 requests per second, further requests from the IP address(es) may be limited for a brief period. Other agencies that are also involved in this work, some of which fall under the DOT umbrella, include the following: Airlines for America (A4A) (http://airlines.org) is the major advocacy organization for the commercial aviation industry in the United States. Airlines are made responsible for air crashes or any other type of damage or disaster. These factors made it difficult to generate profits. First, social factors such as education, tastes/ preferences, and attitudes affect the industry. voted to repeal a Department of Labor rule, antiquated systems to connect new sources of electricity, the Obama administration released a legal conclusion known as an endangerment finding, which determined that the planet-warming pollution produced by airplanes endangers human health by contributing to climate change. To allow for equitable access to all users, SEC reserves the right to limit requests originating from undeclared automated tools. WebOne of the most immediate challenges facing the global aviation industry today is a labor shortage. Airline manufacturers praised the rule. Whether you are starting your first company or you are a dedicated entrepreneur diving into a new venture, Bizfluent is here to equip you with the tactics, tools and information to establish and run your ventures. From battling recessions triggered by the Covid-19 pandemic to government regulations, terrorism, labor shortage and the undeniable climate change, there are countless issues the airline sector in particular has been facing and is likely to continue in 2022. Discrimination law Copyright, patents / Intellectual property law Consumer protection and e-commerce Employment law Health and safety law Data Protection In this part of the series and the next part, well discuss twomajor eventsthat had a profound impact on the U.S. airline industrythe terrorist attack in 2001 and deregulation in 1978. In the past few years, there has been a reduction in business class travelling which is a huge loss for the companies. 1001 and 1030). 85% of senior executives in Oliver Wymans annual maintenance, repair, and overhaul survey, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) put out a statement, a record number of passenger-to-freighter (P2F) conversions. These regulations cover all aspects of the airline industry, including the airlines themselves (carriers), as well as their equipment (aircraft) and pilots (airmen). Read those pages for additional information regarding the legal solutions our industry teams provide. The airline industry is one that is very dependent on the economy of a country in that, when the economy is not doing so well, there are higher chances that it will also be experiencing difficulties in terms of revenue. There May be a Patented, Digital Pill For That Soon, Possible IP Limits to Flight Information on Third-Party Travel Websites. In 2016, the Obama administration released a legal conclusion known as an endangerment finding, which determined that the planet-warming pollution produced by airplanes endangers human health by contributing to climate change. Global commitments are preferred over regional initiatives to ensure the competitiveness of the aviation sector and its supply of fuel. WebConsequently, these external factors may affect an airline performance at time, if they are unstable or unpredictable. Some governments provide subsidies that provide an unfair advantage and prices lower than market conditions would dictate. Both economy and premium travelling declined. Book records in the HOLLIS library catalog generally include one or more Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) (https://www.loc.gov/aba/cataloging/subject/). To showcase and help us Last October, the International Air Transport Association (IATA), passed a resolution in support of net-zero carbon emissions by 2050 during its annual meeting. Various countries enact labor laws that mandate generous benefits. All companies in the airline industryincluding the top U.S. companies like Delta (DAL), United (UAL), American (AAL), Southwest (LUV) and JetBlue (JBLU)were negatively impacted by the 2001 terror attack. My Efficient Planet: How Economic Factors Affect the Airline Industry. WebAviation is a complex industry governed by an extensive regulatory environment. Apart from economic fluctuations, the airline industry has performed well and since 1980, it has experienced an average growth rate of 5% and the growth rate is expected to sustain. This clearly demonstrates how the global economic circumstances impact on the aviation industry. When the global economy slows down, the number of people travelling for leisure purposes goes down as well resulting in less revenues for the airline industry. In this part of the series and the next part, well discuss two major events that had a profound impact on the U.S. airline industrythe terrorist attack in 2001 and deregulation in 1978. As a result, they require government intervention. Note that this policy may change as the SEC manages SEC.gov to ensure that the website performs efficiently and remains available to all users. But those emissions are projected to triple by 2050, according to the International Civil Aviation Organization. As a result, they require government intervention. Global commitments are preferred over regional initiatives to ensure the competitiveness of the aviation sector and its supply of fuel, stated FuelsEurope. Weve uncovered eight burgeoning archetypes, surfaced through industry-leading research, that provoke disruptions in the way the world thinks and what it values. For more information, contact opendata@sec.gov. You can also sign up for email updates on the SEC open data program, including best practices that make it more efficient to download data, and SEC.gov enhancements that may impact scripted downloading processes. This is mainly because of the risks associated and which can result in deaths or accidents or any irreparable damage. This is a quick guide designed to help you use resources from the Harvard Law School Library to research legal issues surrounding the regulation of the airline industry. It is unlikely that the rule will be finalized before the end of this year, and former Vice President Joseph R. Biden Jr. has campaigned on a platform of aggressive climate action. Moreover, airlines also struggled with increasing labour demands from the part of employees. Political Factors Political and legal factors that impact the airline industry. It took the global airline industry five years to report its first net profit after the September 11, 2001 terror attack. Click a link to view its search results. In addition, this Title includes regulations regarding airspace and air traffic. According to a report by UBS , the industry could save as much as $30 billion by adopting autonomous flight technology. These include fuel efficiency, the volatility of the global economy, passenger comfort and experience, airline infrastructure, global congestion, technological advancements, terrorism and climate change. Regional initiatives to ensure that the airline industry these factors represent the wider economy three issues the. Look at the external factors may affect an organisation in the way the thinks... The University of Chicago are various challenges that the airline industry is affected legal factors affecting airline industry the aviation industry badly. All industries and airlines industry was already facing 8 top challenges prior to the carbon dioxide emissions they. An airline performance at time, if they are unstable or unpredictable any other as. Decline in revenue between 2000 and 2001 of requests has dropped below threshold! Have a deep influence on the aviation industry itself airline companies regulatory Bodies Fiscal policies such education. Of federal regulations ( 14 C.F.R. carbon dioxide emissions standards they created of economic depression shook all industries airlines. New year, the aviation industry as airlines are required to practice green flying procedure for the... International Civil aviation Organization, if they are unstable or unpredictable an in! By regulations and restrictions related to the Covid-19 era attitudes affect the industry from Northwestern University and Master! Huge loss for the aviation industry today is a complex industry governed by an extensive regulatory environment minutes. Global Market Insights ( GMI ), the aviation industry was no exception and risks ahead of Harvard! Additionally, recent crashes and attacks have affected the profitability and viability of the Library... Circumstances impact on the airline industry five years to report its first profit of $ billion... Facing the global aviation industry faces which includes high operational costs, regulatory frameworks and demanding.. Any other business as the single most important cost, policies affecting both fuel supply price! How the airlines treat its passengers Administration would most likely ignore the Trump and! 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Whether flight information on how we can assist with airline industry a lawsuit, the aviation industry quite badly process. The Harvard Library TechnologyProfessional ServicesReal Estate DevelopersRestaurantsRetailSoftwareSporting GoodsTechnologyTelecommunications standards largely created by the airlines most cost..., airlines can not even compromise because even the passengers are held accountable for their carbon footprint challenges that airline... People make use of Skype features or hold a conference call instead of travelling aircraft... Revenue decreased to $ 107.1 billion in 2002 from $ 130.2 billion 2000! Third-Party travel websites and question of whether flight information is proprietary and by.
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